Letters 1

Alphabet Letters Taught

Hebrew has no written vowels generally. You can use nikkud to indicate this in your own notes if you like, but Duolingo does not accept them as a rule and, in any case, most Hebrew speakers don't use them either.

Aleph (): consonant called glottal stop, in English transliteration indicated as an apostrophe before a vowel ( - ba'a -comes, is coming (fem)); sometimes a pure vowel holder (without a stop); sometimes silent.
Bet (): "b" or "v"
Hey (): "h"
Vav (): "v" but can also indicate "o" or "u"
Chet (): "ch" [pronounced like the German "ich"]
Yod (): "y"
Lamed (): "l"
Mem ( or ): "m"
Nun ( or ): "n"
Tav (): "t"

Grammar Notes

Note: Hebrew is written right to left - in other words, the opposite direction of this sentence.

Articles

Hebrew has no word for "a/an" but it does have a particle (or part of a word) that means "the" using the letter "" at the beginning of the word. This is pronounced "ha":

(pigeon) --> (the pigeon)

And

If you want to indicate the word "and", you add the letter "" at the front of the word. It is pronounced "veh". If you're also using "", then add it after the "":

(mom) --> (and mom)

Verb Conjugation

Verbs in Hebrew are conjugated according to number and person (I, you, they, etc.) like in English, but they also follow the gender of the person. That means there is a difference between "she comes" and "he comes" in Hebrew. In addition, person is ignored in the present tense, so the only verb forms in this skill are between "masculine singular" and "feminine singular". Later skills will add other verb forms for the plural and other verb tenses.

Adjectives

Adjectives will follow the noun they modify in Hebrew:

(bread) <-- (hot bread)

Lessons

Lesson 1

(ba) = comes, is coming (masc. sing.)
(ba-a) = comes, is coming (fem. sing.)
(a-ba) = father, dad
(ha-a-ba) = the father, the dad
(a-ha-va) = love

Lesson 2

(e-ma) = mother
(h-e-ma) = the mother
(ha-im) = "question word"

Lesson 3

= and mother
(o) = or
= he
= love(s) (masc.)
= and father

Lesson 4

= love(s) (fem.)
= you (masc. sing.)
= you (fem. sing.)
= water (plural)
= she

Lesson 5

= I
= wine
= the dove, the pigeon
= dove, pigeon
= and I

Lesson 6

= milk
= and milk
= the milk
= bread
= and bread
= hot
= not

Letters 2

Alphabet Letters Learned

For a couple of words in this skill, nikkud are used to indicate the pronunciation difference for some verbs, but it is mentioned that Duolingo does not accept the nikkud versions of words for answers in the course.

Gimel (): "g"
Dalet (): "d"
Zayin (): "z"
Kaf ( or ): "k" or "kh" (close to a Dutch "g")
Resh (): "r" (closer to a French "r")
Sin/Shin (): "s" or "sh"

Lessons

Lesson 1

= dog
= go(es) (masc. sing.)
= go(es) (fem. sing.)
= eat(s) (masc. sing.)
= eat(s) (fem. sing.)
= king
= food
= yes

Lesson 2

= road
= see(s) (fem. sing.)
= see(s) (masc. sing.)
= girl
= boy

Lesson 3

= woman
= drink(s) (fem. sing.)
= drink(s) (masc. sing.)
= truck
= happy

Lesson 4

= nut
= rice
= this/that (fem.)
= this/that (masc.)
= man

Letters 3

Alphabet Letters Learned

Note: There is a movement in Hebrew toward full spelling of words, including vowels. Duolingo does not accept these either, but it remains to be seen if this becomes the norm.

Tet (): "t"
Samekh (): "s"
Ayin (): another silent letter
Pei ( or ): "p" or "f"
Tsadi ( or ): "ts"
Kof (): "k"

Lessons

Lesson 1

= beautiful
= fun
= apple
= orange

Lesson 2

= read(s) (fem.)
= read(s) (masc.)
= sweet

Lesson 3

= book
= peach

Lesson 4

= sad
= bad
= newspaper
= chicken
= cake

Lesson 5

= want(s) (masc.)
= juice
= want(s) (fem.)
= sour

Lesson 6

= good
= tasty

Phrases

Lessons

Lesson 1

= hello
= thank you
= see you later
= how are you (inf.)
= how are you (inf.)
= how are you (fem. formal)
= how are you (masc. formal)

Lesson 2

= OK
= sorry
= please
= you're welcome (also means "oh there's nothing to thank for") Israeli's rarely use this
= night
= morning
= evening
= maybe

Lesson 3

= Hebrew
= English
= speak(s) (masc.)
= Yossi
= welcome (masc. sing.)
= welcome (fem. sing.)
= welcome (masc. plural)
= welcome (fem. plural)
= Tal
= my name is

Lesson 4

= good luck
= congratulation
= thank you very much
= have fun (fem. sing.)
= have fun (masc. sing.)
= have fun (plural)
= enjoy your meal

Basics
To Be

As you've possibly noticed by now, Hebrew does not have a form for "to be" - there actually are ways to do this, but they are confined to very specific circumstances. Instead, just give the pronoun.

Pronoun Overview

Speaking of pronouns, by the end of this skill you will have all of the Hebrew subject pronouns. They are listed below:

English	Hebrew	English	Hebrew
I		We
You (masc. sing.)		You (plural masc.)
You (sing. fem.)		You (plural fem.)
He		They (masc.)
She		They (fem.)

Plurals

Plurals in Hebrew have the ending - . There are also a few irregular plurals to watch out for.

Verb Conjugation

As mentioned previously, Hebrew verbs in the present tense conjugate according to number and gender, so there are four forms to a verb.

Basic Conjugation

This is used for almost all verbs:

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	-	-
Plural	-	-

Two-Letter Conjugation

If the masculine singular verb form has only two letters, then it conjugates slightly differently:

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	-	-
Plural	-	-

The Magic

If the letter comes at the end of the masculine singular form then the conjugation is a little different. The masculine and feminine forms will be spelled the same (unless nikkud are used), but will be pronounced differently:

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	-	-
Plural	-	-

Lessons

Lesson 1

= women
= we
= boys, children
= see (masc. pl.)
= see (fem. pl.)

Lesson 2

= they (masc.)
= they (fem.)
= you (fem. pl.)
= you (masc. pl.)

There is

Grammar Notes

To Have

Hebrew does not have a verb for "having" something; instead, there is a construction using the words and ("there is" and "there isn't") and something called "dative pronouns" (no such thing exists in English - the closest thing English has is "to" something). The possible combinations are listed below:

English	Hebrew	English	Hebrew
I have		We have
You have (sing. masc.)		You have (plural masc.)
You have (sing. fem.)		You have (plural fem.)
He has		They have (masc.)
She has		They have (fem.)

Word Order

Usually, the word order for sentences is subject-object-verb. However, as "there is" doesn't have a subject in Hebrew, the possessor comes after the verb. You can place the possessor before the "there is" if you like; this carries with it more stress on the possessor of the object however.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= there is
= there is no
= and there is no

Lesson 2

= you(sg. fem.)
= you(sg. masc.)
= I/me
= she/her
= it/to it
= he/him

Lesson 3

= they (masc.)
= you (plural masc.)
= we/us
= to the boy
= you (plural fem.)
= to the men
= they (fem.)
= to the pigeon

Adjectives: Intro

Grammar Notes

In Hebrew, adjectives go after the nouns they modify, unlike in English. Also unlike English, they change slightly when they refer to masculine nouns, feminine nouns, or nouns in the plural:

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	-	-
Feminine	-	-

If the adjective ends in an - in the masculine, then the feminine will be the same, but pronounced differently.

Food 1

Grammar Notes

The Accusative Case

Hebrew has a system of cases that indicate which noun is the subject and which ones are not (and what they are exactly; indirect or direct objects, objects of prepositions, etc.). In this skill, you are introduced to the accusative case.

This case denotes direct objects, which are objects that are receiving the action denoted by the verb. In the sentence below, the direct object is highlighted:

The man is eating an apple.
One can ask: What is the man eating? An apple.

Hebrew adds an additional word in front of (before) a definite direct object: (pronounced "et"). is not used before an indefinite direct object or an indirect object. In the sentence below, the definite direct object is highlighted:

The man is eating the apple.

The definiteness of a noun is usually marked by the definite article -. However, it can also be indicated by a proper noun:

The man likes Israel.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= plate
= fish
= coffee
= egg
= apple
= orange

Lesson 2

= lunch
= breakfast
= fruit
= pasta
= sugar

Lesson 3

= beer
= wine
= strawberry
= cheese
= meat
= tomato
= soup

Lesson 4

= oil
= lemon
= banana
= dinner

Lesson 5

= sandwich
= salt
= hungry
= beef
= bottle
= salad

Lesson 6

= butter
= mushroom
= pizza
= pineapple
= chocolate
= olive

Animals

Grammar Notes

Many Hebrew animals can be show to be either masculine or feminine according to their ending: feminine animals often end in or .

Lessons

Lesson 1

= cat
= dog
= horse
= bird
= elephant
= duck
= turtle
= donkey

Lesson 2

= crab
= spider
= animal
= bear
= mouse
= camel
= lion
= eagle, vulture

Lesson 3

= animals
= fly
= insect
= hare
= barks
= snake
= monkey

Lesson 4

= tail
= bee
= pet
= owl
= cow
= rooster
= hen
= pig

Plurals

Grammar Notes

Hebrew has two endings for plurals:

- for masculine nouns
- for feminine nouns

You also need to remove the ending of a word before making it into a plural.

Despite this simple system, there are a few irregularities. For example, is the plural of "wine", despite it being a masculine noun. These are relatively rare and have to be memorized.

Posessive1

Grammar Notes

In order to show that that is "your" cat or "his" turtle, you use the possessive adjectives in "Lessons" below. This possessive is placed after the object being possessed, and the gender of the adjective matches the possessor, not the object. Also, all objects possessed must have an before them, because the possessive adjective indicates the definiteness of the noun (unless they are family members and/or addressed directly).

Lessons

Lesson 1

= my
= your (masc. sing.)
= your (fem. sing.)
= his
= her

Lesson 2

= our
= your (masc. pl.)
= your (fem. pl.)
= their (masc.)
= their (fem.)

Lesson 3

= of
= Sarah
= Abraham
= belongs (masc.,sing.)
= belongs (fem, sing)

Adjective 1

Grammar Notes

Adjective Placement

Adjectives always follow the noun they modify. Possessives will then follow the adjectives.

Copula and Definite Articles with Adjectives

Adjectives come in different ways and different places depending on their meaning:

= tasty fish
= fish are tasty.
= the dog is big.
= the big dog

Note the copula particle () in the second sentence. This is important, as it differentiates between it and the one before it. The copula particle is the same as the pronoun for the object and matches the noun ("fish", in this case) in gender and number.

Note also that in the final one, the definite article is attached to both "dog" and "big". This shows that they are a unit, unlike the sentence above it.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= small
= big
= new
= old
= hot
= cold

Lesson 2

= tall
= short
= close
= far
= long
= short

Lesson 3

= slow
= fast
= full
= empty
= dry
= wet

Direct Object

Grammar Notes

The direct object has already been discussed, as it is tied to the preposition . Just like other prepositions in Hebrew, you can place a pronoun after it in order to have it mean "me" or "them":

English	Hebrew	English	Hebrew
Me		Us
You (masc. sing.)		You (plural masc.)
You (sing. fem.)		You (plural fem.)
Him		Them (masc.)
Her		Them (fem.)

Food

Lessons

Lesson 1

= meal
= vegetarian
= tea
= fork
= knife
= glass

Lesson 2

= napkin
= spoon
= bowl
= cooks (masc.)
= thirsty
= teaspoon

Lesson 3

= menu
= sauce
= vegetable
= restaurant
= pepper
= recipe
= honey

Lesson 4

= salty
= spicy
= bitter
= kitchen
= cucumber
= bakes (masc.)
= carrot

Lesson 5

= candy
= cookie
= watermelon
= peanut
= onion
= jam

Lesson 6

= grape
= avocado
= potato
= drink
= cherry
= chewing gum
= ice cream
= alcoholic beverages

Lesson 7

= mango
= garlic
= smell
= taste
= pot
= ingredient
= flour

Clothing

Spelling Notes

A few words in this skill are foreign words which have sounds that are not natural to Hebrew. Some of these sounds are indicated in Hebrew with an apostrophe:

Hebrew	English example of sound	Hebrew	English example of sound
'	jeans	'	then
'	baggage		water
'	change	'	thing

Lessons

Lesson 1

= wear (clothes) (masc.)
= shirt
= shoe
= skirt
= coat
= dress
= wears (shoes) (masc.)

Lesson 2

= pants (pl.)
= suit
= hat
= belt
= wears (hats) (masc.)
= clothing (pl.)

Lesson 3

= glasses
= sunglasses
= glove
= ring
= wears (jewelry) (masc.)
= necklace
= put on
= wears (glasses) (masc.)

Lesson 4

= sock
= wears (socks) (masc.)
= jewelry
= jeans
= swimwear
= costume, disguise
= tie

Lesson 5

= jacket
= sweater
= bracelet
= scarf
= pocket

Verbs: Present

Grammar Notes

Pa'al Verbs

Hebrew verbs are classified into binyanim based on whether they are passive or active, transitive or intransitive or even reflexive. Don't worry about what all that means right now, as we'll get through the rest of the binyanim later.

The pa'al verbs are the most common verbs in Hebrew, and are also the most regular. The conjugation of these verbs is also incredibly simple, as shown here with the verb "to include", :

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular
Plural

This seems simple enough: drop the at the front (and any at the end, replacing it with a silent letter) make the the second letter of the word, then add the appropriate endings. There are a couple of exceptions, but this covers 80% of the verbs in this skill. All that changes are the consonants; the vowels will stay the same.

A handful of verbs have only three letter infinitives, and these are slightly different. We've already seen this before with in Letters 1. They will drop the vowel in their infinitive and then add the usual endings.

Another set of slightly irregular pa'al verbs are the ones whose conjugations end in (like , "to buy"). We've already seen these before multiple times, so we won't waste a lot of time on them.

Prepositions

Hebrew attaches prepositions to the words they modify, so to say "in" or "on" something, add to the beginning of the word. If you would also add to say "in the" whatever, leave out the . "To" is handled in same way, except the letter is .

To Know or To Know

Hebrew has two verbs for "to know". is specifically used for facts or knowledge, while is a little closer in meaning to "to be familiar with". Both are also irregular, so their conjugations need to be memorized.

Lessons

Note: all verbs from here on out will be in their infinitive form.

Lesson 1

↗ = "lichtov" - to write
↗ = "lis'chot" - to swim
↗ = "lishmoa" - to hear
↗ = "lishon" - to sleep (irregular: )
↗ = "laga'at" or = "lingoa" - to touch
↗ = "lomar" - to say

Lesson 2

↗ = "la'asot" - to do
↗ = "la'avod" - to work
↗ = "limtzo" - to find
↗ = "litmoch" - to support
↗ = "lakachat" - to take
↗ = "lada'at" - to know (facts, knowledge)

Lesson 3

↗ = "latet" - to give
↗ = "liknot" - to buy
↗ = "limkor" - to sell
↗ = "lirshom" - to write down
↗ = "lisgor" - to close
↗ = "liftoach" - to open
↗ = "lichov" - to hurt

Lesson 4

↗ = "lachshov" - to think
↗ = "lachzor" - to return
↗ = "likro" - to call, to read
↗ = "lishmor" - to keep
↗ = "lilmod" - to learn
↗ = "lichos" - to be angry
↗ = "lalechet" - to walk

Lesson 5

↗ = "lichlol" - to include
↗ = "lizkor" - to remember
↗ = "larutz" - to run
↗ = "la'avor" - to pass
↗ = "lashir" - to sing
↗ = "lanuach" - to rest

Lesson 6

↗ = "la'azor" - to help
↗ = "lishkol" - to consider
↗ = "la'azov" - to leave
↗ = "lisno" - to hate
↗ = "lachtom" - to sign
↗ = "lirkod" - to dance

Lesson 7

↗ = "litzor" - to create
↗ = "la'amod" - to stand
↗ = "lachtoch" - to cut
↗ = "lashevet" - to sit
↗ = "lishkoach" - to forget
↗ = "ligdol" - to grow (irregular: )
↗ = "liskor" - to rent

Lesson 8

↗ = "litzpot" - to watch
↗ = "latzet" - to go out
↗ = "livhot" - to stare
↗ = "liskor" - to rent
↗ = "lishloach" - to send
↗ = "livdok" - to check

Lesson 9

↗ = "lishbor" - to break
↗ = "lignov" - to steal
↗ = "lahafoch" - to become
↗ = "livroach" - to escape
↗ = "lehakir" - to know/be familiar with (a person)
↗ = "la'anot" - to answer

Colors

Lessons

Lesson 1

= red
= orange
= black
= white
= blue
= yellow
= green

Lesson 2

= to paint
= color
= gray
= brown
= pink
= colorful
= purple

Prepositions 1

Grammar Notes

Prepositions in Hebrew can be either attached to the noun or stand alone. This skill introduces several that stand alone.

All prepositions can also have endings that indicate that something is "for me" or "against him" - in other words, forms that include pronouns:

Person	Ending
me	-
you (sing.)	-
him	-
her	-
us	-
you (pl. masc.)	-
you (pl. fem.)	-
them (masc.)	-
them (fem.)	-

Lessons

Lesson 1

- = in/on
= on me
= on us
= on you (sing.)
= on him
= on her
/ = on you (pl.)
/ = on them

Lesson 2

= from
= from me
= from us
= from you (sing.)
= from him
= from her
/ = from you (pl.)
/ = from them

Lesson 3

= with
= with me
= with us
= with you (sing.)
= with him
= with her
/ = with you (pl.)
/ = with them

Lesson 4

= for
= for me
= for us
= for you (sing.)
= for him
= for her
/ = for you (pl.)
/ = for them

Lesson 5

= next to
= next to me
= next to us
= next to you (sing.)
= next to him
= next to her
/ = next to you (pl.)
/ = next to them

Lesson 6

= inside
= inside me
= inside us
= inside you (sing.)
= inside him
= inside her
/ = inside you (pl.)
/ = inside them

Lesson 7

= against
= against me
= against us
= against you (sing.)
= against him
= against her
/ = against you (pl.)
/ = against them

Numbers 1

Grammar Notes

A general note on numbers

Numbers in Hebrew generally have gender just like adjectives. Unlike adjectives, they come before the nouns they modify:

= ten dresses
= ten coats

Notice that the masculine form is the longer form - usually the feminine form of something is longer - and that when a number appears on its own, it will be the feminine version of the number.

One

and are special in that they come after the noun they modify, like other adjectives:

= one girl

Two

and lose the at the end when they come before nouns:

= two bananas

Eleven to Nineteen

All of these numbers are formed by combining "ten" with "one", "ten" with "two" etc. The first number agrees in gender, but the "ten" will be the opposite gender. Notice the change in vowel pattern ( - 'esre and - 'asar).

= fifteen (fem.)
= fifteen (masc.)

Zero and Twenty

These two numbers are neutral; that is, they do not reflect gender, just like numbers in English.

More/Less Than

- means "from", but it also can be mean "than".

Lessons

Lesson 1

= to count
= one (fem.)
= one (masc.)
= two (fem.)
= two (masc.)
= three (fem.)
= more

Lesson 2

= three (masc.)
= four (fem.)
= four (masc.)
= five (fem.)
= five (masc.)
= less
= too

Lesson 3

= number
= six (fem.)
= six (masc.)
= seven (fem.)
= seven (masc.)

= eight (fem.)
= eight (masc.)

Lesson 4

= a lot
= nine (fem.)
= nine (masc.)
= ten (fem.)
= ten (masc.)
= eleven (fem.)
= eleven (masc.)

Lesson 5

= twelve (fem.)
= twelve (masc.)
= thirteen (fem.)
= thirteen (masc.)
= fourteen (fem.)
= fourteen (masc.)

Lesson 6

= fifteen (fem.)
= fifteen (masc.)
= sixteen (fem.)
= sixteen (masc.)
= seventeen (fem.)
= seventeen (masc.)

Lesson 7

= eighteen (fem.)
= eighteen (masc.)
= nineteen (fem.)
= nineteen (masc.)
= twenty
= zero

Questions

Grammar Notes

This word was introduced in Letters 1, but this is a good time to review it.

does not have a meaning; its job is to indicate that the following statement is actually a question. It is completely normal to leave it out, although it might come across as a tiny bit informal.

You cannot have along with any other questions; these words replace it with more specific questions.

Which

There are three forms for this word:

= singular masculine
= singular feminine
= plural

However, native Hebrew speakers may only use the singular forms or only the singular masculine in informal conversations. Duolingo will in general accept only the proper gender and number for "which".

Lessons

Lesson 1

= what for test
= where
= why
= how many/much
= who
= from where

Lesson 2

= when
= answer
= how
= question
= whose
= which
= in which

L

esson 3

= which
= whom
= with whom
= to where
= to whom
= from whom

Lesson 4

= for what
= which
= to ask
= to answer

Determiners

Grammar Notes

This/That/These/Those

Hebrew does not differentiate between "this" and "that" or "these" and "those", so the same word is used for both. There are two words for "these", with being a little more informal than .

For these words, they are treated like adjectives and are placed after the noun.

Each/All

mean both "every" when it is followed by a noun without a definite article and "all" when the following noun has a definite article attached:

= every day
= all night

The Same

There are four words for the same that are different depending on gender and number, but what they all have in common is that they are placed before the noun (but after prepositions) and the following noun has to have a definite article.

Double Negatives

Hebrew, like many languages, uses double negatives ("I didn't do nothing"). This means that expressions that contain "nothing", "no one", etc. also need to have in them

Impersonal Plural

If you want to express that "one should do this" or "this is done here" then conjugate the verb for the masculine plural and leave out the subject:

= apples are eaten/one eats apples

Lessons

Lesson 1

= this/that (masc.)
= these/those
= all of them
= these/those
= this/that (fem.)
= these are
= all/every

Lesson 2

= like this/that
= these are
= everybody
= any
= nothing
= except for

Lesson 3

= other, else
= something
= nothing
= both (masc.)
= both (fem.)
= someone

Lesson 4

= thing
= no one
= everything
= same (sing. masc.)
= same (sing. fem.)
= same (pl. masc.)
= same (pl. fem.)
= a few

Lesson 5

= like this

Occupation

Lessons

Note: jobs that refer to men are on the left, and jobs that refer to women are on the right.

Lesson 1

/ = student
/ = doctor
= work
/ = author
= occupation
/ = model

Lesson 2

/ = director
= career
= team
= police
/ = artist
/ = secretary
/ = painter

Lesson 3

/ = judge
/ = lawyer
/ = worker
/ = policeman/policewoman
= police officer
= to arrest, to stop
/ = journalist

Lesson 4

/ = soldier
= captain
/ = boss
/ = guard
/ = actor/actress
= internship
/ = driver

Lesson 5

/ = cook
/ = waiter/waitress
/ = engineer
/ = architect
/ = farmer
/ = farmer (rarer)

Conjunctions

Grammar Notes

That

is a conjunction that means "that". But it is used with a lot of other conjunctions too, especially if those conjunctions are re-purposed question words. See "Lessons" below for specific examples of this.

Because of you

must be followed by a definite article, but it can also be conjugated like the prepositions we've seen previously.

Lessons

Lesson 1

- = that
= if
= but
= because
= still

Lesson 2

- = while
- = when
= too
- = even though
- = because of

Lesson 3

= only
= so/then
= already
= despite

Lesson 4

= so/therefore
- = except for (in some instances translated as 'but')
- = when
- = after

Lesson 5

= but
- = before
= even
= unless
= but/rather

Lesson 6

- = what
- = where
- = where
- = who

Prepositions 2

Lessons

Lesson 1

= outside
- = outside
= is located/found
= inside

Lesson 2

- = in front of
- = at
- = between

Lesson 3

- = to(wards)

Lesson 4

- = about, on

Lesson 5

- = in front of, before
- = behind
- = underneath
= underwater
- = under

Lesson 6

- = above
= without
- = without
= after

Possessives 2

Grammar Notes

This possessive vvvcomes out of the genitive case of Hebrew. These are simply attached to the noun, unlike the "" form used in Possessives 1. This kind of possessive is summarized in this table:

English	Hebrew (Singular)	English	Hebrew (Plural)
my cat		my cats
your cat (fem. owner)		your cats (fem. owner)
your cat (masc. owner)		your cats (masc. owner)
his cat		his cats
her cat		her cats
our cat		our cats
your cat (masc. owners)		your cats (masc. owners)
your cat (fem. owners)		your cats (fem. owners)
their cat (masc. owners)		their cats (masc. owners)
their cat (fem. owners)		their cats (fem. owners)

Verbs: Present 2

Grammar Notes

In Verbs: Present 1 we learned about binyanim, the verb conjugation patterns. In this skill, we are working on the second of these binyanim, the pi'el verbs.

These verbs are almost always transitive - they almost always have objects - and they are active verbs. When they are conjugated in the present tense, they all begin with . Just like with the pa'al verbs, only the consonants change from verb to verb, with the vowels staying the same. Here is an example with the verb "to tell":

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	(mesapér)	(mesapéret)
Plural	(mesaprím)	(mesaprót)

Lessons

Lesson 1

= to ask for
= to pay
= to miss
= to play
= to tell
= to design
= to change

Lesson 2

= to try
= to look for
= to raise
= to signal
= to wish

Lesson 3

= to mix
= to respect
= to organize
= to dry off (someone/thing else)
= to dry off (oneself)
= to heat (someone/thing else)
= to heat / warm up (oneself)
= to import
= to fill in
= to hope

Lesson 4

= to waste
= to critique, to visit
= to receive
= to pity
= to envy
= to climb
= to win

Lesson 5

= to train (someone else)
= to train (oneself)
= to lie
= to be late
= to wait
= to provide
= to finish

Lesson 6

= to convince
= to lose
= to photograph
= to adopt
= to be afraid
= to approve
= to discover

Lesson 7

= to shave (someone else)
= to shave (oneself)
= to renew
= to bless
= to describe
= to correct, to repair

Time

Grammar Notes

Dual forms

Once upon a time, Semitic languages (like Hebrew) had three different numbers: singular, plural, and a dual. They quickly fell out of use with the exception of some body parts that naturally come in twos (such as hands and feet) as well as time expressions, which are still used in Modern Hebrew.

These time expressions (two days, two years, etc.) have a special plural form for two: -. This ending is used for both masculine and feminine nouns. Because of this, saying two + a plural form is incorrect for these terms.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= today
= Sunday
= Monday
= Tuesday
= Wednesday

Lesson 2

= time
= Thursday
= Friday
= Saturday
= tomorrow
= afternoon
= always

Lesson 3

= hour
= minute
= week
= month
= year
= last
= yesterday

Lesson 4

= second
... = at ... o'clock
= January
= February
= noon
= tonight

Lesson 5

= calender
= date
= March
= April
= May
= June

Lesson 6

= July
= August
= September
= October
= November
= December

Lesson 7

= next
= spring
= winter
= fall
= summer
= season
= midnight

Lesson 8

= birthday
= period
= moment
= century
= a bit
= decade
= era

Lesson 9

= always
= never
= party
= age
= generation
= now
= the day after tomorrow
= nowadays

Lesson 10

= two years
= until
= two months
= two weeks
= two days
= two hours
= present

Adjectives 2

Lessons

Lesson 1

= old
= tired
= young
= normal
= special
= real

Lesson 2

= clean
= closed
= open
= important
= dirty
= central
= main

Lesson 3

= strong
= weak
= poor
= expensive
= cheap
= rich

Lesson 4

= private
= possible
= impossible
= great
= alive
= nice

Lesson 5

= excellent
= necessary
= independent
= simple
= disgusting
= responsible
= free

Lesson 6

= interesting
= famous
= wrong
= serious
= boring
= perfect
= correct

Lesson 7

= negative
= light, easy
= heavy, difficult
= efficient
= comfortable
= positive

Lesson 8

= thin
= fat
= many
= professional
= military
= familiar, known

Adverbs

Grammar Notes

You can make an adverb out of an adjective by preceding the adjective with .

Lessons

Lesson 1

= there
= once, times
= very
= still, yet
- = as
= like

Lesson 2

= here
= quite
= only, exclusively
= anyway
= once in a while

Lesson 3

= again
= rarely
= really
= from here
= sometimes
= really

Lesson 4

= alone
= at least
= though
= otherwise, differently
= mainly
= far away
= as always

Lesson 5

= right now
= afterwards
= in the meantime
= usually
= soon
= during
= enough

Lesson 6

= necessarily
= late
= finally
= almost
= especially
= through

Lesson 7

= approximately
= easily
= barely
= completely
= exactly
= clearly

Lesson 8

= immediately
= necessarily
= everywhere
= generally
= presumably

Lesson 9

= quicker
= together
= independently
= slowly
= recently, lately
= sooner or later
= rightfully so
= incorrectly

Family

Lessons

Lesson 1

= brother
= sister
= son
= daughter

Lesson 2

= husband
= wife
= name
= first name
= last name
= family
= parent

Lesson 3

= grandfather
= grandmother
= grandson
= granddaughter
= wedding
= marriage

Lesson 4

= groom
= aunt
= uncle
= (male) cousin
= (female) cousin
= bride

Lesson 5

= nephew
= niece
= baby
= life (plural)
/ = spouse, partner

Home

Lessons

Lesson 1

= key
= table
= chair
= house
= sofa
= bed
= bathroom
= school

Lesson 2

= air conditioning
= room
= window
= to live
= stairs
= bathtub
= apartment
= door
( ( = to move

Lesson 3

= to clean
= roof
= lamp, menorah
= light
= building
= boiler
= toy

Lesson 4

= wall
= gate
= bedroom
= balcony
= tool
= cellar

Lesson 5

= carpet
= floor
= mirror
= living room
= address
= furniture
= appliance

Lesson 6

= pillow
= blanket
= attic
= closet
= curtain
= guestroom
= ceiling

Lesson 7

= to wash
= dishes
= tap
= sink
= vacuum cleaner
= to vacuum

Lesson 8

= washing machine
= garden
= laundry
= yard
= dining room
= rag, mop

Lesson 9

= trash
= garbage can
= shelter
/ = neighbor (m/f)
= broom
= refridgerator
= elevator

Construct State

Grammar Notes

The construct state in Hebrew allows you to take two nouns and use them to create a new noun. In Hebrew, this state is called (smichut). The two nouns also have names, with the first (right) one being the (nismach) and the second (left) one being the (somech).

The gender of a construct state noun is determined by the nismach. For example, ("school") is masculine because is masculine.

Grammar and Spelling

If a feminine nismach ends in a , then it is replaced with a :

= cake
= cheesecake

When a construct state noun is definite - in other words, has "the" in front of it - the - is attached to the somech and not the nismach:

= lawyer
= the lawyer

For plural constructs, the nismach is pluralized and not the somech. If the ending is masculine, it only gets a - instead of a -:

= cup of coffee
= cups of coffee
= lawyer
= lawyers

Types of Constructs

There are two major uses for the construct state.

The first is to make a phrase that translates using "of". , for example, uses the nouns ("cup") and ("coffee") to make "cup of coffee".

The other is to make a compound noun that has a totally different meaning. , from earlier, is an example of this, as "school" is literally "house of book".

Houses

or "house" is one of the most common nismachs. However, it is irregular in its pronunciation and its plural is also irregular:

= house (bayit)
= school (beyt sefer)
= schools (batey sefer)

Verbs: Infinitives 1

Grammar Notes

Infinitives in Hebrew are very similar to ones in English; they are the verb plus - at the front (which does the same thing as "to" does in infinitives in English). There are a few irregular ones, so it does well to memorize them.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= to swim
= to be
= to go
= to cook
= to write
= to see

Lesson 2

= to talk
= to run
= to give
= to sleep
= to pay
= to do

Lesson 3

= to drink
= to open
= to hear
= to close
= to play
= to tell

Lesson 4

= to touch
= to find
= to tell
= to get
= to set
= to come
= to help

Lesson 5

= to go back
= to buy
= to cut
= to live
= to take

= to work
= to visit
= to know
= to fix

Lesson 6

= to contain
= to draw, to paint
= to suffer
= to prevent
= to flee

Weather

Lessons

Lesson 1

= sun
= to shine
= to snow
= to rain
= lightning
= thunder

Lesson 2

= clear
= to hail
= weather
= to drizzle
= haze
= storm

Lesson 3

= cloudy
= rainy
= wind
= temperature
= cloud
= heat wave

Lesson 4

= hurricane
= tornado
= flood
= degree
= fog

Places

Lessons

Lesson 1

= Israel
= beach
= to turn
= right
= left
= forwards

Lesson 2

= castle
= city
= airport
= country
= backwards
= street

Lesson 3

= property
= church
= along
= home
= place
= into
= mosque

Lesson 4

= park
= area
= supermarket
= grocery store
= building
= store
= Jerusalem
= office
= center

Lesson 5

= from inside
= ground
= bar
= island
= district
= bank
= mall

Lesson 6

= village
= valley
= Tel Aviv
= museum
= station
= corner
= all over

Lesson 7

= route
= avenue
= neighborhood
= border
= tower
= prison

Lesson 8

= town
= cinema
= bridge
= community
= port
= capital city
= palace

Lesson 9

= east
= north
= south
= west
= square, plaza
= zoo
= market

Verbs: Present 3

Grammar Notes

This skill introduces another new binyan, which are the "hif'il" verbs. These verbs usually describe an action that causes another action or causes a second verb to be needed. A hif'il verb can take one of two forms - one that looks like /// and another that looks like // - and conjugates as follows:

///	Masculine	Feminine
Singular
Plural

//	Masculine	Feminine
Singular
Plural

Lessons

Lesson 1

= to show
= to listen (informal)
= to prepare
= to suggest, to propose
= to feel
= to listen (formal)

Lesson 2

= to start
= to succeed
= to agree
= to thank
= to believe
= to come
= to pass

Lesson 3

= to explain
= to get
= to return
= to hold
= to recommend

Lesson 4

= to continue
= to put
= to perform
= to produce
= to add
= to serve

Lesson 5

= to order
= to prefer
= to remind
= to present
= to allow
= to announce

Lesson 6

= to decide
= to bring
= to replace
= to contain
= to appreciate
= to understand
= to fit

People

Lessons

Lesson 1

= girlfriend
= boyfriend
= friend (m.)
= friend (f.)
= person
= public, audience

Lesson 2

= member
= committee
= enemy
= conference
= culture
= human being
= foundation

Lesson 3

= population
= youth
= people
= teenager
= relationship
= individual

Lesson 4

= boy
= girl
= victim
= citizen
= adult
= couple

Lesson 5

... = ... years old
= Israeli

Lesson 6

= American
= English
= nation
= French
= Australian

Numbers 2

Grammar Notes

See the note here on Duolingo for a more detailed explanation of the irregularities in the Hebrew number system.

Numbers as Adjectives

When numbers are applied to nouns, e.g. "three bananas", the number functions like an adjective but is not a true adjective so it is placed in front of the noun. Hence "three bananas" = ""

However the number has a gender and has to agree with the gender of the noun. In contrast to regular nouns and adjectives, the male gendered number ends with and so "looks" like a female gender word.

For definite nouns, the number is applied before the noun and the definite article is applied to the noun itself like in a construct form.

Hence:

masculine nouns
- - five dogs
- - the five dogs
feminine nouns
- - three women
- - the three women

The poster in the Duolingo note says to think of it as achieving "balance" - pair with a word that doesn't end with and vice versa.

Numbers Past Twenty

For numbers beyond twenty, the number is said "(tens) and-(ones)":

= "thirty and-five" = thirty-five

Also, all numbers beyond twenty match the gender of the "ones", as the "tens" are neutral.

Singular but Plural

When using numbers beyond 11 along with distances, currency, times, percents, and the word , the singular noun is used instead of the plural noun. Technically all words should be like this according to formal grammar rules, but in practice only these categories are.

Lessons

Lesson 1

(( = the three
(( = the five
(( = the seven

Lesson 2

= first
= second
= third
= fourth
= thirty
= forty
= fifty

Lesson 3

= sixty
= seventy
= eighty
= ninety
= the 70's
= amount

Lesson 4

= one hundred
= two hundred
... = ... hundred
= one thousand
= two thousand
... = ... thousand
= million

Lesson 5

= billion
= average
= percent
= mostly
= in total
- = most of
= half

Lesson 6

= add, plus
= multiply
= subtract
= divide
= equals
= last
= minus

Verbs: Modals

Lessons

Lesson 1

= it is forbidden
= must
= can
= it is recommended
= should

Lesson 2

= it is allowed
- = have to
= might
= may
= it is impossible

Education

Lessons

Lesson 1

= note
= teacher
= education
= course
= pen
= lesson

Lesson 2

= library
= pencil
= example
= homework
= exam
= study

Lesson 3

= class
= presentation
= idea
= word
= episode, chapter
= knowledge

Lesson 4

= university student
= university
= lecture
= professor
= degree
= PhD, doctorate
= lecturer

Lesson 5

= to teach
= history
= goal
= to practice
= meaning
= preparation

Lesson 6

= page
= institute
= program
= painting, drawing
= explanation
= difficulty
= document

Travel

Grammar Notes

Abbreviations are very common in Hebrew, and we are introduced to one in this skill, . It comes from , and is pronounced in much the same way as is. This is true of all abbreviations in Hebrew; they are always pronounced as if they were actual full words. This is unlike English, where some abbreviations are spelled out like "USA" being yu-ess-eh.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= bicycle
= car
= motorcycle
= to ride
= bus
= suitcase
= to travel
= vacation

Lesson 2

= train
= platform
= boat
= to sail
= plane
= to fly
= train station
= to drive

Lesson 3

= ship
= to sail away
= map
= backpack
= guide
/ = to travel
= line

Lesson 4

= adventure
= vehicle
= transportation
= visit
= flight
= trip

Lesson 5

= France
= Spain
= Greece
= England
= Germany
= metro
= journey

Lesson 6

= country
= Middle East
= China
= world
= Russia
= sea
= Mediterranean Sea
= Egypt

Lesson 7

= tourist
= Asia
= America
= Europe
= continent
- = around

Lesson 8

= Australia
= passport
= Africa
= international
= fuel
= European
= abroad

Verbs: Past

Grammar Notes

We've learned all three active binyanim (pa'al, pi'el, and hif'il) in the present tense, so now for the past tense.

General Notes

There is no difference between "I did", "I have done", and "I had done" in Hebrew, as they are all the same form.

The present tense in Hebrew only differentiates between masculine/feminine and singular/plural. The past tense, meanwhile, differentiates the person (I, you, or it) as well, just like in English. It's simple; take the "he" form and add the ending, which is the same for each of these pronouns regardless of what binyan it belongs to:

Pronoun	Ending
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-

Also, unless you're using the third person (he, she, it, they), it is common practice to leave out the pronoun, as the verb ending already gives that information.

Verb Roots

Like other verb tenses, the past tense has a different stem than the present tense. The best part: you already know it. The names for the different binyanim match the distribution of vowels in the verb's past tense form. All you need to do is replace the consonants of the binyan's name with the consonants of the verb you want and you're good to go!

Pa'al

Distribution of Vowels & Consonants	Example:
XaXaX	(amár)

Pi'el

Distribution of Vowels & Consonants	Example:
XiXeX	(dibér)

Hif'il

Distribution of Vowels & Consonants	Example:
hiXXiX	(hisbír)

To Be and To Have

These verbs don't exist in the present tense, but they do appear in the past tense:

Pronoun	Conjugation

In the case of "to have", use the "he/she was" or "they were" form appropriate to the object that was owned (not the owner!).

Lessons

Lesson 1

= past (avar)
= we were (hayinu)
= he was (haya)
= I was (hayita)
= she was (hayta)
= you were (s.f.) (hayta)
= you were (s.m.) (hayt)

Lesson 2

= saw (ra'a)
= you were (pl.m.) (hayitem)
= you were (pl.f.) (hayiten)
= liked, loved (ahav)
= found (mats'a)
= drank (shata)
= returned (khazar)
= went (halakh)
= wanted (ratsa)

Lesson 3

= never (me'ulam)
= left (azav)
= ate (akhal)
= said (amar)
= fell (nafal)
= did (asa)
= heard (sham'a)
= thought (khashav)

Lesson 4

- = since (me'az sh-)
= came (ba)
= put (sam)
= grew (gadal)
= they were (hayu)
= worked (avad)
= ran (rats)
= broke (shavar)

Lesson 5

= became (hafakh)
= jumped (kafats)
= took (lakakh)
= read (kar'a)
= gave (natan)
= knew (yad'a)
= wrote (katav)
= sang (shar)
= stole (ganav)

Lesson 6

= tried (nisa)
= talked (diber)
= cooked (bishel)
= lost (ibed)
= asked for (bikesh)
= told (siper)
= played (sikhek)

Lesson 7

= waited (khika)
= finished (siyem)
= lied (shiker)
= won (nitsakh)
= wasted (bizbez)
= paid (shilem)
= was jealous (kine)

Lesson 8

= listened (hikshiv)
= began (hitkhil)
= bought (kana)
= knew (hikir)
= arrived (hig'i)
= showed (hir'a)
= decided (hekhlit)

Lesson 9

= believed (heemin)
= understood (hevin)
= ordered (hizmin)
= felt (hirgish)

Comparison

Lesson

= most, -est
= less
= most, -est
= to be similar/the same
= more, -er

Objects

Lessons

Lesson 1

= flyer
= magazine
= watch, clock
= object
= television
= radio
= computer

Lesson 2

= battery
= purse
= desk
= watch
= basket
= cellphone

Lesson 3

= bag
= bedsheet
= screen
= box
= phone
= soap

Lesson 4

= letter
= scissors
= pool
= bell
= umbrella
= wheel

Lesson 5

= mug
= pan
= root
= sponge
= object
= machine

Lesson 6

= flag
= engine
= paper
= piece
= wire
= chain, necklace

Lesson 7

= comb
= shopping
= gift
= fence
= powder
= candle
= novel

Verbs: Present Reflexive

Grammar Notes

Hitpa'el verbs tend to refer to reflexive actions such as shaving; that is, things that you do to yourself. They can also refer to processes, many of which are translated into English with the verbs "to get X" and "to become X". Some of them fit into neither of these groups, but they conjugate the same way (maybe they had that meaning in the past and now they don't).

A hitpa'el verb will look like this for the most part: ///. The conjugation of hitpa'el verbs looks like this:

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular
Plural

There are exceptions to the above pattern: if the three-letter pattern that follows the begins with a ///, then the will switch places with that letter and, in case of and , the will turn into a or a respectively.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= to use
= to shave
= to shower
= to get a haircut
= to call
= to look at

Lesson 2

= to train
= to get stronger
= to get closer
= to beg
= to get educated
= to overcome

Lesson 3

= to end
= to get older
= to get cold
= to get hot/warm
= to miss
= to turn around

Lesson 4

= to hide
= to change
= each other
= to get drunk
= to recover

Lesson 5

= to join
= to connect
= to unite
= to consult
= to prepare
= to disconnect

Lesson 6

= to ignore
= to pray
= to see each other/date
= to apologize
= to exercise
= to cope
= to get confused

Adjectives 3

Lessons

Lesson 1

= rare
- = own, of one's own
= different
= local
= left-handed
= right-handed
= legal

Lesson 2

= only
= entire
= immediately
= available
= final
= popular
= official

Lesson 3

= ugly
= smart
= stupid
= traditional
= modern
= dumb
= historic

Lesson 4

= amazing
= chief, head
= ready
= pure
= religious
= cultural
= deep

Lesson 5

= sure
= fresh
= wide
= lonely
= narrow
= thick
= sharp

Lesson 6

= healthy
= fascinating
= ancient
= lower
= strange, weird
= higher
= world
= global

Lesson 7

= personal
= monthly
= yearly
= wonderful
= weekly
= daily
= bad (quality)
= impressive

Abstract Objects 1

Lessons

Lesson 1

= part
= perspective
= order
= list
= system
= service

Lesson 2

= sort, kind
= change
= group
= version
= design
= case, occurrence

Lesson 3

= noise
= bill
= level
= control
= profile
= conversation

Lesson 4

= category
= value, entry
= description
= image
= equipment
= content

Lesson 5

= option
= activity
= result
= problem, trouble
= side
= performance

Lesson 6

= agreement
= queue
= comment
= defense
= turn
= structure
= production, manufacture
= solution

Lesson 7

= state
= exit
= wish, desire
= entrance
= hope
= chance

Lesson 8

= success
= voice
= crisis
= interest
= choice
= role
= failure

Lesson 9

= introduction
= grade
= rest
= topic
= reward
= intention

Lesson 10

= beginning
= end
= record
= alternative
= edge
= darkness
= decision

Imperative 1

Grammar Notes

The imperative tense in Hebrew has three forms; one for masculine singular, one for feminine singular, and one for both genders in the plural (there used to be two separate ones, but this distinction is very rare).

Like other tenses, the main three consonants of the verb are kept the same but the vowels change:

	Pa'al verbs (1-3)	Pi'el verbs (4-5)	Hif'il verbs (6-7)	Hitpa'el verbs (8-9)
Masculine Singular	XXX/XXX (pronounced X(e)XoX or X(e)XaX)	XXX (pronounced XaXeX)	XXX (pronounced haXXeX)	XXX (pronounced hitXaXeX)
Feminine Singular	XXX (pronounced XiXXi)	XXX (pronounced XaXXi)	XXX (pronounced haXXiXi)	XXX (pronounced hitXaXXi)
Plural	XXX (pronounced XiXXu)	XXX (pronounced XaXXu)	XXX (pronounced haXXiXu)	XXX (pronounced hitXaXXu)

Lessons

Lesson 1

= help
= do
= go
= give
= run
= come
= keep

Lesson 2

= take
= fly
= put, place
= stop
= know
= open
= buy

Lesson 3

= sit
= watch
= drink
= get out
= forget
= send

Lesson 4

= fix
= mark
= search for
= speak
= try
= accept
= with love

Lesson 5

= pity
= bless
= mix
= teach
= finish
= wait
= photograph

Lesson 6

= believe
= feel
= start
= listen
= show
= bring back

Lesson 7

= add
= switch
= decide
= invite
= present
= remind

Lesson 8

= hide
= look
= connect
= come closer
= join
= shower

Lesson 9

= ignore
= pray
= be (m.s.)
= be (f.s.)
= be (pl.)
= use
= get ready
= cut your hair

Languages

Grammar Notes

As an important note, all languages are feminine in Hebrew, as the word "language" itself () is also feminine.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= German
= French
= Spanish
= Russian
= Chinese
= language

Lesson 2

= Danish
= dictionary
= Swedish
= Dutch
= Portuguese
= Italian

Lesson 3

= Greek
= sentence
= Arabic
= Czech
= Japanese
= letter

Lesson 4

= Irish
= Polish
= Hungarian
= linguist
= linguistics
= Hindi

Lesson 5

= noun
= verb
= Yiddish
= adjective
= Esperanto
= to conjugate

Lesson 6

= comma
= period
= paragraph
= line
= speaker
= native language, mother tongue

Emergency!

Lessons

Lesson 1

= firefighter
= to rescue
= watch out!
= help!
= help
= rescue

Lesson 2

= medic
= emergency
= trapped
= to perform
= CPR
= Magen David Adom (the Israeli ambulance service)

Lesson 3

= injured
= accident
= consciousness
= distress
= to faint, to pass out

Lesson 4

= fire
= explosion
= to get electrocuted
= dangerous

Lesson 5

= to drown
= to fall
= first aid
= alarm, siren
= shelter

Verbs: Future 1

Grammar Notes

The future tense in Hebrew takes the present tense verb and adds either a prefix (in front) or a circumfix (both in front and after) that stem:

Pronoun	Prefix/Circumfix	Usage (with/without pronoun)
	-
	-

	-
	-
	-


/		/

Since the person referred to is inherent in the prefix and circumfix, the preceding pronouns are dropped except for:

/
/

This allows one to disambiguate the 2nd person (male) form and the 3rd person (female) form whichare spelled the same. The former will be used without a pronoun and the latter will have a pronoun.

The verb "to be" also exists in the future tense, but it is irregular:

Pronoun	Prefix/Circumfix







	*/
/

Final note: you (plural feminine) technically has a separate ending from you (plural masculine), but it is very rarely used.

Future Tense in Use

The future tense is a little stricter than in English, in that if you ask some to do something for you in the future or when you place a condition on something that "when X, do Y." happens, you have to use the future tense, while in English you use the present tense or the conditional tense.

Verbs: Past Actions 2

Grammar Notes

The structure of past tense hitpa'el verbs is as follows:

Distribution of Vowels & Consonants	Example:
hiXaXaX	(hitgalakh)

Plus the endings that we went over in Verbs: Past:

Pronoun	Ending
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-

Lessons

Lesson 1

= got married (hitkhaten)
= exploded (hitpotsets)
= hid (hitkhabe)
= fainted (hit'alef)
= apologized (hitnatsel)
= complained (hitlonen)
= consulted (hitya'ets)

Lesson 2

= got drunk (hishtaker)
= washed (hitrakhets)
= stopped (hifsiq)
= recovered (hit'oshesh)
= undressed (hitpashet)
= called (hitkasher)
= begged (hitkhanen)

Lesson 3

= received (kibel)
= went down, rained (yarad)
= prayed (hitpalel)
= ignored (hit'alem)
= volunteered (hitnadev)
= abused (hit'alel)
= shaved (hitgalakh or hitgaleakh)
= continued (himshikh)

Verbs: Past Nifal

Grammar Notes

The structure of the past tense of ni'fal verbs is as follows:

Distribution of Vowels & Consonants	Example:
niXXaX	(nifgashti)

Add to this the endings that we covered in Verbs: Past:

Pronoun	Ending
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-
	-

Lessons

Lesson 1

= enjoyed (nehena)
= ended (nigmar)
= was heard (nishma')
= looked (nir’a)
= entered (nikhnas)
= failed (nikhshal)

Lesson 2

= was written (nikhtav)
= was closed (nisgar)
= was caused (nigram)
= was eaten (ne'ekhal)
= was opened (niftakh)
= was read (nikra)

Lesson 3

= was asked (nish'al)
= was done (na’asa)
= was given (nitan)
= met (nifgash)
= disappeared (ne'elam)
= was lost (ne'ebad)

Lesson 4

= stayed (nish'ar)
= was said (ne'emar)
= separated (nifrad)
= was burnt (nisraf)
= was sent (nishlakh)
= got hurt (nifga')
= remembered (nizkar)

Feelings

Lessons

Lesson 1

= to comfort (lanekhem)
= depressed (meduka)
= to kiss (lenashek)
= bored (meshu'amam)
= kiss (f.) (neshika)
= delightful (me'ushar)
= to hug (lakhebek)

Lesson 2

= gross (dokhe)
= to be in love (me’ohav)
= to hug (with someone) (lehitkhabeq)
= to kiss (with someone) (lehitnashek)
= optimistic (optimi)
= pessimistic (pesimi)
= surprised (mufta)

Lesson 3

= feeling (f.) (regesh)
= calm (ragua)
, ‏ = to be sorry (lehitsta’er, mitsta’er)
= gets offended (ne’elav)
= to look forward to (metsape)
= shock (m.) (helem)
= to be embarrassed (mevikh)

Lesson 4

= helpless (khasar onim)
= hostile (oyen)
= rejected (dakhui)
= hurt (pagu'a)
= confused (mevulbal)
= shy (bayshan)
= mischievous (shovav)

Lesson 5

= to admire (leha'rits)
= lonely (boded)
= tear (f.) (dima'a)
= sensitive (ragish)
= to cry (livkot, bokhe)
= happiness (m.) (osher)
= to get excited (lehitlahev, mitlahev)

Geometry

Lessons

Lesson 1

= circle (m.) (igul)
= line (m.) (kav)
= triangle (m.) (meshulash)
= rectangle (m.) (malben)
= shape (f.) (tsura)
= square (m.) (ribu'a)

Lesson 2

= parallel (makbil)
= trapezoid (m.) (trapez)
= rhombus, diamond (m.) (me'uyin)
= vertex (m.) (kodkod)
= ellipse (f.) (elipsa)
= quadrilateral (m.) (meruba)

Lesson 3

= angle (f.) (zavit)
= geometry (f.) (giometriya)
= pentagon (m.) (mekhumash)
= parallelogram (f.) (makbilit)
= hexagon (m.) (meshushe)

Lesson 4

= height (f.) (gova)
= depth (m.) (omek)
= length (m.) (orekh)
= trigonometry (f.) (trigonometriya)
= width (m.) (rokhav)
= area (m.) (shetakh)
= volume (m.) (nefakh)

Lesson 5

= ruler (m.) (sargel)
= millimeter (m.) (milimeter)
= kilometer (m.) (kilometer)
= unit of measurement (f.) (yekhidat mida)
= centimeter (m.) (sentimeter)
= to measure (limdod)

Abstract Objects 2

Lessons

Lesson 1

= respect (m) (kavod)
= benefit (f) (to'elet)
= permission (f) (reshut)
= effort (m) (ma'amats)
= attention (f) (t’shumet lev)
= character, will (m) (ofi)

Lesson 2

= direction (m) (kivun)
= secret (m) (sod)
= source (m) (makor)
= attempt (m) (nisayon)
= reality (f) (metsi'ut)
= damage (m) (nezek)
=behavior (f) (hitnahagut)

Lesson 3

= responsibility (f) (akhrayut)
= signature, autograph (f) (khatima)
= point of view (f) (emda)
= doubt (m) (safek)
= power (m) (koakh)
= symbol (m) (semel)

Lesson 4

= hate (f) (sin'a)
= danger (f) (sakana)
= humor (m) (humor)
= attitude (f) (gisha)
= fear (m) (pakhad)
= tradition (f) (masoret)

Lesson 5

= surprise (f) (hafta'a)
= murder (m) (retsakh)
= expression (m) (bitu'i)
= pleasure (f) (hana'a)
= smile (m) (khiyukh)
= shadow, shade (m) (tsel)

Lesson 6

= lie (m) (sheker)
= memory (m) (zikaron)
= victory (m) (nitsakhon)
= truth (f) (emet)
= fall (f) (nefila)
= loss (m) (hefsed)

Lesson 7

= difference (m) (hevdel)
= favor (f) (tova)
= basis (m) (basis)
= passion (f) (tshuka)
= trait (f) (tkhuna)
= sense (m) (khosh)

Lesson 8

= identity (f) (zehut)
= preference (f) (adifut)
= importance (f) (kheshivut)
= beauty (m) (yofi)
= luck (m) (mazal)

Verbs: Infinitive 2

Lessons

Lesson 1

= to define (legadir)
= to improve (leshafer)
= to continue (lehamshikh)
= to increase (legadil)
= to believe (le'amin)
= to influence (leshafi'a)

Lesson 2

= to answer (li'enot)
= to win (lenatsekh)
= to cover (likesot)
= to finish (lesayem)
= to develop (lefatekh)
= to allow (le'afsher)

Lesson 3

= to agree (lesakhim)
= to understand (lehabin)
= to feel (leragish)
= to wait (likhakhot)
= to die (lemut)
= to explain (lehasbir)

Lesson 4

= to fly (letuv)
= to hide (lefasid)
= to read (likero')
= to recover (lehit'oshesh)
= to use (lehishtamesh)
= to replace (lehagiv)

Lesson 5

= to build (libenot)
= to break (lishevor)
= to stop (li'etsor)
= to leave (li'ezor)
= to stay (lehisha'er)
= to remember (lizekor)
= to meet (lifegosh)

Lesson 6

= to serve (lehagish)
= to make, to cause (ligerom)
= to consider (lishekol)
= to miss (lekhamits)
= to think (likheshov)
= to like, to love (li'ehov)
= to refuse (lesarev)

Construct State 2

Lessons

Lesson 1

= weapon (cli nashek)
= attic (aliyat gag)
= brainwashing (shtifat mu'akh)
= lunch break (paskat okhel)
= bodyguard (shomer ro'esh)
= seatbelt (khayonet batikhot)
= bookworm (tola'et sfarim)
= Prime Minister (ro'esh mamashula)

Lesson 2

= workshop (bajit mele'kha)
= watchtower (megdel smira)
= U-turn (panayt parsa)
= taxi driver (nehag morit)
= timeout (pesak zaman)
= stopwatch (sha'on etser)

Lesson 3

= toothbrush (mavreshet shinaym)
= razor (sakin gilokh)
= mailbox (tiva do'er)
= vocabulary (otser milim)
= toothpaste (mishkhat shinaym)
= toolbox (argaz clim)

Lesson 4

= Prime Minister's Office (misrad ro'esh mamashula)
= birthday cake (ugat yom huledet)
= guest room window (khalon khader orekhim)

Verbs: Conditional

Grammar Notes

The conditional tense in Hebrew is a combination of the past tense and the present tense:

, = If it weren't difficult, I would do it.

Much like with the future tense, both the main clause and the if-clause need to be in the same tense. The form of will change to match the subject as outlined in Verbs: Past.

Could and should

The conditional tense can also be combined with other verbs in order to form more complex expressions like "could (have)" and "should (have)" using the conditional of and respectively.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= if (lu)
= if (ilu)
= I would (hayiti)
= you would (s.m.) (hayita)
= you would (s.f.) (hayit)
= she would (hayita)

Lesson 2

= we would (hayinu)
= he would, there would be (haya)
= you would (p.m.) (hayitem)
= you would (p.f.) (hayiten)
= they would (hayu)

Lesson 3

= if not (for) (ilule)
= if not (for) (lule)

Medical

Lessons

Lesson 1

= eye (f.) (ayin)
= arm (f.) (zro'a)
= heart (m.) (lev)
= hand (m.) (yad)
= head (m.) (rosh)
= ear (f.) (ozen)
= finger (f.) (etzba)

Lesson 2

= neck (m.) (tzavar)
= palm (f.) (faf yad)
= stomach (f.) (beten)
= hurts (ko'ev)
= elbow (m.) (marpek)
= hair (m.) (se'ar)
= face (f.pl.) (panim)
= chest (m.) (chaze)

Lesson 3

= tongue (f.) (lashon)
= brain (f.) (moach)
= skin (m.) (or)
= mouth (m.) (pe)
= back (m.) (gav)
= tooth (f.) (shen)
= body (m.) (guf)

Lesson 4

= foot (f.) (kaf regel)
= nose (m.) (af)
= bone (m.) (etzem)
= leg (f.) (regel)
= shoulder (f.) (katef)
= muscle (m.) (sh'rir)
= knee (f.) (berech)

Lesson 5

= medicine (f.) (t'rufa)
= virus (m.) (virus)
= organ (m.) (eyvar)
= disease (f.) (machala)
= patient (m.) (metupal)
= patient (f.) (metupelet)
= hospital (m.) (bayt hacholim)
= skull (f.) (gulgolet)
= sick (chole)

Lesson 6

= stress (m.) (lachatz)
= stressed (balachatz)
= nurse (f.) (achot)
= blood (m.) (dam)
= lips (f.) (s'ftayim)
= pain (m.) (ke'ev)
= dream (m.) (chalom)
= clinic (f.) (mirpa'a)
= treatment (m.) (tipul)

Lesson 7

= birth (f.) (lida)
= pregnancy (f.) (herayon)
= pregnant (baherayon)
= get well soon (refu'a sh'lema)
= operation (nituach)
= diet (f.) (di'eta)
= health (f.) (b'ri'ut)
= drug (m.) (hasam)
= cancer (m.) (sartan)

Verbs: Conditional 2

Grammar Notes

As a reminder, the future tense in Hebrew uses a combination of prefixes and circumfixes according to who will be doing the action:

Pronoun	Prefix/Circumfix
	-

	-
	-
	-
	-

	*/
/

Some common verbs will have additional nikkud or irregular spellings to differentiate them from other tenses, so make sure to keep track of those.

Unmute

Religion

Lessons

Lesson 1

= spiritual (ruchani)
= religion (f.) (dat)
= God (m.pl.) (elohim)
= faith (f.) (emuna)
= religious (dati)
= Jew (m.) (yehudi)
= secular (chiloni)

Lesson 2

= Muslim (m.) (muslemi)
= Christian (m.) (notz'ri)
= church (f.) (k'nesiya)
= goddess (f.) (ela)
= holy (kadosh)
= prayer (f.) (tfila)
= angel (m.) (malakh)
= god (m.) (el)
= Buddhist (m.) (budisti)

Lesson 3

= Judaism (f.) (yahadut)
= Messiah (m.) (mashiach)
= soul (f.) (neshama)
= Islam (m.) (islam)
= Christianity (f.) (natzrut)
= temple (m.) (mikdash)

Lesson 4

= the Mount of Olives (m.) (har hazeytim)
= the Temple Mount (m.) (har habayt)
= the Old City (f.) (ir ha'atika)
= the Cave of the Patriarchs (f.) (me'arat hamachpela)
= the Western Wall (m.) (kotel hama'aravi)
= the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (f.) (k'nesiyat hakever)
= Al-Aqsa Mosque (m.) (misgad al aktza)
= the Dome of the Rock (f.) (kipat hasela)
= Mount Zion (m.) (har hatzyon)

Arts

Lessons

Lesson 1

= art (f.) (omanut)
= movie, film (m.) (seret)
= style (m.) (signon)
= camera (f.) (matslema)
= character (f.) (dmut)
= photography (m.) (tsilum)

Lesson 2

= dancer (m.) (rakdan)
= photographer (m.) (tsalam)
= literature (f.) (sifrut)
= poetry (f.) (shira)
= dance (m.) (rikud)
= fashion (f.) (ofna)

Lesson 3

= collection (m.) (osef)
= illustration (m.) (iyur)
= audience (m.) (kahal)
= paintbrush (m.) (mikkhol)
= gallery (f.) (galeria)
= painting (m.) (tsiyur)

Lesson 4

= play, show (f.) (hatsaga)
= stage (f.) (bama)
= statue (m.) (pesel)
= studio (m.) (studyo)
= sculptor (m.) (pasal)

Lesson 5

= producer (m.) (mefik)
= soundtrack (paskol)
= script (m.) (tasrit)
= effect (m.) (efekt)
= (recording) studio (m.) (ulpan)

Negative Imperative

Grammar Notes

The negative imperative tense in Hebrew uses the word (al) followed by the future tense of the verb that matches the subject's gender and number:

! = Do not eat that!

The normal imperative forms are not used at all in the negative.

Technology

Lessons

Lesson 1

= password (f.) (sisma)
= database (m.) (basis natonim)
= data (m. pl.) (natonim)
= browser (m.) (defdefan)
= search (m.) (khifush)
= Internet (m.) (internet)
= homepage (m.) (amud bayt)
= site (m.) (atar)

Lesson 2

= keyboard (f.) (mikledet)
= programmer (m.) (metakhnet)
= file (m.) (kovets)
= hardware (f.) (khomara)
= bug (m.) (bag)
= laptop (m.) (makhsha nayad)
= software (f.) (tokhna)

Lesson 3

= email (m.) (meyl)
= to download (lahorid)
= to upload (le'alet)
= blog (m.) (blog)
= upload (f.) (ha'ala)
= network (f.) (reshet)
= download (f.) (horada)

Lesson 4

= channel (m.) (arots)
= message (f.) (hoda'a)
= news (f. pl.) (khadashot)
= remote control (m.) (shalat)
= media (f.) (tikshoret)
= text (m.) (tekst)
= information (f.) (mida)

Lesson 5

= to turn off (likabot)
= to turn on (ladalit)
= robot (m.) (robot)
= to click, to press (lelekhats)
= postcard (f.) (gluiya)
= stamp (m.) (bul)

Verbal Nouns

Grammar Notes

The verbal noun forms of a given verb will mostly reflect the binyan that they belong to:

Pa'al verbs: XXiXa (such as (khashiva) for "thinking")
Pi'el verbs: XiXuX (such as (limud) for "learning")
Hif'il verbs: haXXaXa (such as (hazmana) for "invitation")
Hitpa'el verbs: hitXaXXut (such as (hitnatslut) for "apology")

All verbal nouns are feminine.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= thinking, thought (khashiva)
= buying, purchase (kniya)
= writing (ktiva)
= watching (tsfiya)
= reading (kri'a)

Lesson 2

= cooking (bishul)
= training (imun)
= story (sipur)
= learning, textbook (limud)

Lesson 3

= invitation (hazmana)
= demand (drisha)
= walking, going (halikha)
= sleep (shina)
= running (ritsa)
= teaching (lamida)

Lesson 4

= hearing (shmi'a)
= apology (hitnatslut)
= opening (ptikha)
= sale (mkhira)
= for sale (lemkhira)

Science

Lessons

Lesson 1

= science (m) (mada)
= project (m) (proyekt)
= thesis (f) (teza)
= study (m) (mekhkar)
= technology (f) (teknologiya)
= method (f) (shita)

Lesson 2

= size (m) (godel)
= sample (f) (dagina)
= weight (m) (mishkal)
= energy (f) (energiya)
= distance (m) (merkhak)
= speed, velocity (f) (mhirut)

Lesson 3

= experiment (m) (nisui)
= article (m) (ma'amar)
= PhD, doctorate (m) (doktorat)
= mass (f) (masa)
= definition (f) (hagdara)
= edition (f) (mhadora)
= distribution (f) (hafatsa)

Lesson 4

= principle (m) (ikaron)
= laboratory (f) (ma'bada)
= mineral (m) (mikhtsav)
= thermometer (m) (mad khom)
or = formula (f) (nuskha)
= quality (f) (eykhut)

Lesson 5

= chemistry (f) (kimya)
= geography (f) (giografiya)
= physics (f) (fisika)
= philosophy (f) (filosofiya)
= bachelor's degree (m) (to'ar rishon)
= genetics (f) (genetika)
= biology (f) (biologiya)

Lesson 6

= electric (khashmali)
= cell (m) (ta'e)
= investigation (f) (khakira)
= scientist (m) (mad'an)
= cycle (m) (makhzor)
= discovery (f) (taglit)

Lesson 7

= fact (f) (uvda)
= to decrease (lanmikh)
= to increase (lagbir)
= gravity (m) (kokh meshikha)
= reason (f) (siba)
= theory (f) (tioriya)

Lesson 8

= alcohol (m) (alkohol)
= kilo (m) (kilo)
= ton (m) (ton)
= kilogram (m) (kilogram)
= gram (m) (gram)

Music

Lessons

Lesson 1

= violin (m) (kinor)
= music (f) (muzika)
= song (m) (shir)
= to play (an instrument) (lenagen)
= band (f) (lahaka)
= guitar (f) (gitara)
= singer (m) (zamar)

Lesson 2

= flute (m) (khalil)
= harp (m) (nevel)
= piano (m) (psanter)
= musical instrument (m) (cli negira)
= drum (m) (tof)
= synthesizer (m) (sintiseyzer)

Lesson 3

= work, piece (f) (izira)
= composer (m) (melakhin)
= composer (f) (melakhina)
= concert (m) (konzert)
= player (m) (nigen)
= genre (m) (genre)
= performance (f) (hofa'a)

Lesson 4

= to compose (lalkhin)
= drummer (m) (metofef)
= chord (m) (akord)
= verse (m) (bayt)
= guitarist (m) (gitarist)
= chorus (m) (pizamon)

Lesson 5

= echo (m) (hed)
= violinist (m) (kanar)
= trumpet (m) (khatsotsra)
= microphone (m) (mikrofon)
= speaker (m) (ramkol)
= tune (f) (mangira)

Lesson 6

= to tune (lekaven)
= conductor (m) (mnatse'akh)
= sound, note (m) (tslil)
= Mediterranean (yam tikhoni)
= harmonica (f) (mapukhit)
= key, scale (m) (sulam)

Sports

Lessons

Lesson 1

= ball (m) (kadur)
= player (m) (sakhkan)
= half (of a game) (f) (mekhetsit)
= sports (m) (sport)
= competition (f) (takharut)
= game (m) (miskhak)
= team (f) (kvutsa)

Lesson 2

= goal (m) (sha'ar)
= basketball (m) (kadursal)
= to score (labki')
= soccer (m) (kaduregel)
= stadium (m) (itstadiyon)
= point (f) (nkuda)
= draw, tie (m) (teyko)

Lesson 3

= racket, bat (m) (makhbet)
= medal (f) (medalit)
= bronze medal (f) (medalit arad)
= gold medal (f) (medalit zahar)
= champion (m) (aluf)
= hat trick (m) (sheloshar)
= championship (f) (alifut)
= coach (m) (me'amen)
= volleyball (m) (kadur'af)

Lesson 4

= court, pitch (m) (migrash)
= step (m) (tsa'ad)
= to support (li'ehod)
= gym (m) (mekhon kosher)
= kick (f) (be'ita)
= penalty (kick) (m) (pendel)
= marathon (m) (maraton)
= fan, supporter (m) (ehod)

Lesson 5

= attack, offence (f) (hatkafa)
= defence (f) (hagana)
= defender (m) (balem)
= referee (m) (shofet)
= midfielder (m) (kashar)
= league (f) (liga)
= position (f) (emda)
= goalkeeper (m) (sho'er)
= striker, forward (m) (khaluts)

Lesson 6

= swimming (f) (shakhiya)
= tennis (m) (tenis)
= athlete (m) (atlet)
= cup, trophy (m) (gavia)
= overtime, extra time (f) (ha'arakha)
= Olympics (m) (olimpiad)
= exercise (m) (kosher)

Politics

Lessons

Lesson 1

= right (f) (zkhut)
= security (m) (bitakhon)
= government (f) (memshala)
= war (f) (milkhama)
= law (m) (khok)
= president (m) (nasi)
= tax (m) (mas)

Lesson 2

= peace (m) (shalom)
= policy (f) (midiniyut)
= safety (f) (betikhut)
= economy (f) (kalkala)
= recommendation (f) (hamlatsa)
= town hall (f) (iriya)

Lesson 3

= strategy (f) (astrategia)
= army (m) (tsava)
= crime (m) (pesha)
= leader (m) (manhig)
= elections (f. pl.) (bkhirot)
= freedom (m) (khofesh)

Lesson 4

= speech (m) (na'um)
= Congress (m) (kongres)
= campaign (m) (kampayin)
= violence (f) (alimut)
= arrest (m) (ma'atsar)
= house arrest (m) (ma'atsar bayt)
= corruption (f) (shkhitut)

Lesson 5

= Knesset (f)
= bribe (m) (shokhal)
= parliament (m) (parlament)
= candidate (m) (mo'amad)
= governor (m) (moshel)
= debate (f) (imut)

Lesson 6

= wealth (m) (osher)
= party (f) (miflaga)
= threat (m) (iyum)
= strike (f) (shvita)
= mayor (m) (ro'esh ir)
= fault, blame (f) (ashma)

Lesson 7

= Ministry of Defence (m) (mishrad bitakhon)
= Ministry of Foreign Affairs (m) (mishrad khuts)
= Ministry of Internal Affairs (m) (mishrad panim)
= Ministry of Finance (m) (mishrad otser)
= Ministry of Justice (m) (mishrad mishpatim)
/ = minister (f/m) (sara, sar)

Diminutive

Grammar Notes

Diminutives are words to show something is smaller, cuter or more pitiable than than their parent word. There are three common ways of creating diminutives in Hebrew:

Duplicating the final two consonants in words with a 3-consonant lemma or root;
- Ex: (small) -> (tiny)
Adding - to the word and making its gender feminine;
- Ex: (hotel, masculine) -> (hostel or motel, feminine)
Or adding - to the word and making its gender masculine.
- Ex: (boy, masculine) -> (little boy, masculine)

Lessons

Lesson 1:Duplication

= puppy (m) (klavlav)
= reddish (adamdam)
= piglet, little pig (m) (khazarzir)
= tiny, very little (katantan)
= bluish (k'khalkhal)
= greenish (yrakrak)
= kitten, little cat (m) (khataltul)

Lesson 2:-

= drinking straw (f) (kashit)
= motel (f) (malonit)
= handle (f) (yadit)
= bag (f) (sakit)
= saucer (f) (tslokhit)
= firefly (f) (gakhlilit)

Lesson 3:-

= little boy (m) (yeledon)
= little girl (f) (yeledonet)
= baby elephant (m) (pilon)
= booklet (m) (safron)
= towelette (m) (magevon)
= calculator (m) (makhshvon)
= teddy bear (m) (dovon)

Legends

Lessons

Lesson 1

= prince (m) (nasikh)
= princess (f) (nasikha)
= sword (m) (kherev)
= palace (m) (armon)
= king (m) (melekh)
= queen (f) (malka)
= legend (f) (agada)

Lesson 2

= feast (m) (mishte)
= kingdom (f) (mamlakha)
= arrow (m) (khets)
= shield (m) (magen)
= bow (m) (keshet)
= archer (m) (kashat)
= knight (m) (abir)

Lesson 3

= wall (f) (khoma)
= helmet (f) (kasda)
= spell, magic (m) (kishuf)
= warrior (m) (lokhem)
= witch (f) (mekhshefa)
= armor (m) (shiriyon)
= potion (m) (shikui)

Lesson 4

= magic (m) (kesem)
= wand (f) (sharbit)
= hero (m) (givor)
= wizard (m) (makhshef)
= magician (m) (kosem)
= curse (f) (klala)
= servant, squire (m) (mishrat)

Lesson 5

= creature (m) (itsur)
= werewolf (m) (ish za'ev)
= superhero (m) (givor al)
= golem (m) (golem)
= vampire (m) (arpad)
= zombie (m) (zombi)
= monster (f) (mefletset)

Future Nifal

Grammar Notes

The same prefixes and circumfixes used for the future tense in other binyanim are used for the nif'al binyan as well. If you need a refresher on the endings, here they are again:

Pronoun	Prefix/Circumfix
	-

	-
	-
	-
	-

	*/
/

Formal

Grammar Notes

Formal Question Words

Formal registers of Hebrew use a few different question words than the more colloquial Hebrew taught in the rest of the course. They are:

English	Colloquial	Formal
Why
How
Where
From where

For questions that don't use question words, formal Hebrew can also use a - in front of the first word of a sentence to indicate that it is a question, like: ? = Did you know?

You may also see contractions using followed by a pronoun beginning with - (such as being contracted to ).

"Please" using /

These two do not replace , as they are only used in front of imperatives or infinitives to indicate that one should do something: = Please pay here.

Inflection of

is not used in formal Hebrew, instead the word is inflected for gender and number like a verb:

Colloquial	Formal Equivalent
	/


	/
	/

For the variants that use the double nun in the singular, they are also used to replace "(I am/she is/he is) gone/not here/not there" but are otherwise interchangeable.

Other Considerations

In addition, formal Hebrew will do some of the following modifications:

will replace ;
or - will replace - for relative clauses (i.e. someone that does X);
replaces - when the clause following it is an indirect quotation instead of just for direct quotations (i.e. "he said that he..."); and
- will disappear from both words when using "this X/that X."

Lessons

Lesson 1

= where (hikhan)
= why (medo'a)
= how (kitsad)
= now (atai)
= from where (me'ayn)
= please (na)
= madam, ma'am (gavreti)
= sir, mister (adoni)
contractions

Lesson 2

= that (esher)
= let's (haba)
= please (ana)
= than (ma'esher)
- inflections
using - for questions and relative clauses
as "that" instead of "because"

Business

Culture Notes

The Shekel (, plural or shkalim) is the currency of Israel. The symbol for it (₪) is reminiscent of the abbreviation for (Shekel khadesh or New Shekel). A Shekel is also divided into 100 (agorot, singular or agora) similar to how a dollar is divided into 100 cents.

Lessons

Lesson 1

= dollar (m) (dolar)
= money (m) (kesed)
= shekel (m)
= debt (m) (khov)
= insurance (m) (bitukh)
= investment (f) (hashka'a)
= to cost (li'elot)

Lesson 2

= gold (m) (zahav)
= business (m) (esek)
= price (m) (makhir)
= agora (f)
= credit card (m) (kartis eshrei)
= ticket (m) (kartis)

Lesson 3

= (spare) change (m) (odef)
= Euro (m) (iro)
= contract (m) (khoze)
= brand (m) (mutag)
= deal (f) (iska)
= budget (m) (taktsiv)

Lesson 4

= coin (m) (metbe)
= organization (m) (ergon)
= cash (m) (mezuman)
= banknote, bill (f) (shtara)
= cost (f) (elut)
= promotion (m) (kidum)

Lesson 5

= advertising, marketing (m) (persum)
= salary (f) (meskhoret)
= interview (m) (ra'iyon)
= company (f) (khavra)
= meeting (f) (pegisha)
= manager (m) (menahel)

Lesson 6

= trade (m) (miskhar)
= project (m) (mutsar)
= value (m) (shovi)
= advertisement (f) (persumet)
= industry (f) (ta'asayit)
= stock exchange (f) (bursa)

Lesson 7

= agent (m) (sokhen)
= risk (m) (sikhon)
= exchange rate (m) (sha'ar khalifin)

Space

Lessons

Lesson 1

= planet (m) (kokhev lekhet)
= solar system (f) (ma'arekhet shemesh)
= Mars (m) (ma'adim)
= Saturn (m) (shabatai)
= Jupiter (m) (tsadek)
= Mercury (m) (kokhev khama)
= Venus (f) (noga)

Lesson 2

= shuttle (f) (ma'aboret)
= astronaut (m) (astrona'ut)
= International Space Station (f) (takharet khalel bin le'umit)
= spaceship (f) (khalalit)
= probe (f) (geshushit)
= satellite (m) (lavyan)
= launch (m) (shigur)

Lesson 3

= meteor (m) (mete'or)
= black hole (m) (khor shakhor)
= orbit (m) (maslul)
= Milky Way (m) (shvil khelav)
= galaxy (f) (galaksiya)
= crater (m) (makhtesh)
= eclipse (m) (likul)

Festivals

Lessons

Lesson 1

= matza (unleavened bread) (f)
= Shavuot (f)
= holiday (m) (khag)
= Passover Seder (m) (lil seder)
= to celebrate (likhegog)
= Exodus (m) (yetsilat mitsrayim)
= Passover (m) (pesach)

Lesson 2

= Simchat Torah (f)
= Rosh Hashanah (m)
= the High Holy Days (m) (hayomim hanora'im)
= Yom Kippur (m)
= Sukkot (f)
= sukka (the tents where Sukkot is celebrated) (f)
= Tisha Be'Av
= fast (m) (tsom)

Lesson 3

= mishloach manot (Purim gift baskets) (m)
= dreidel (m) (sevivon)
= Chanukah (f)
= Chanukiyah (the special menorah lit during Chanukah) (f)
= Purim (m)
= hamantaschen (triangle pastry served on Purim) (m) (ozen haman)
= sufganiya (round doughnuts served during Chanukah) (f)

Lesson 4

= Tu Bishvat

Israel

Lessons

Lesson 1

= matkot (f.pl.) (matkot)
= kibbutz (m) (kibutz)
= olim (m.pl.) (olim)
= Aliyah (f) (aliya)
= Ulpan (m) (ulpan)
= sabra (m) (tsabra)

Lesson 2

= falafel (m) (fala'fel)
= pita (f) (pita)
= Mitzrahit (f) (mitzrakhit)
= mess, chaos (m) (balagan)
= hummus (m) (khumus)
= Al Ha'esh (m) (al ha'esh)
= Independence Day (m) (yom atsma'ut)

Lesson 3

= the Red Sea (m) (yam adom)
= Haifa (f) (khaifa)
= the Sea of Galilee (f) (kineret)
= the Dead Sea (m) (yam malakh)
= vacation (f) (khufsha)
= Eilat (f) (eylat)
= Negev (m) (negev)
= Masada (f) (matsada)

Lesson 4

= bamba (f) (bamba)
= Tiberias (f) (tiberiya)
= shakshouka (f) (shakshuka)
= cherry tomato (f) (ugvaniya sheri)
= Caesaria (f) (keiseria)
= bissli (m) (bisli)

All 78 subjects

Letters 1

Alphabet Letters Taught

Grammar Notes

Articles

And

Verb Conjugation

Adjectives

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Letters 2

Alphabet Letters Learned

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Letters 3

Alphabet Letters Learned

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Phrases

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Basics To Be

Pronoun Overview

Plurals

Verb Conjugation

Basic Conjugation

Two-Letter Conjugation

The Magic ה

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

There is

Grammar Notes

To Have

Word Order

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Adjectives: Intro

Grammar Notes

Food 1

Grammar Notes

The Accusative Case

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Animals

Grammar Notes

Lessons

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Plurals

Grammar Notes

Posessive1

Grammar Notes

Lessons

Lesson 1

Basics
To Be

The Magic